source: EETimes article
Embedding sodium in carbon nanowalls can tremendously improve electrodes in batteries, supercapacitors and solar cells say researchers from Michigan Technological University
The team, led by Yun Hang Hu, the Charles and Carroll McArthur Professor of materials science and engineering at Michigan Tech, created a new way to synthesize sodium-embedded carbon nanowalls that previously were only theoretical.
Amorphous carbon has low conductivity but large surface area. Graphite, on the other hand, has high conductivity but low surface area. Three-dimensional graphene has the best of both properties–and the sodium-embedded carbon invented by Hu at Michigan Tech is even better.
“Sodium-embedded carbon’s conductivity is two orders of magnitude larger than three-dimensional graphene,” Hu says. “The nanowall structure, with all its channels and pores, also has a large accessible surface area comparable to graphene.”
This is different from metal-doped carbon where metals are simply on the surface of carbon and are easily oxidized; embedding a metal in the actual carbon structure helps protect it. To make the material, Hu and his team had to create a new process. They used a temperature-controlled reaction between sodium metal and carbon monoxide to create a black carbon powder that trapped sodium atoms. Working with researchers at University of Michigan and University of Texas at Austin, they demonstrated that the sodium was embedded inside the carbon instead of adhered on the surface of the carbon. The team then tested the material in several energy devices.
In the dye-sensitized solar cell world, every tenth of a percent counts in making devices more efficient and commercially viable. In the study, the platinum-based solar cell reached a power conversion efficiency of 7.89 percent, which is considered standard. In comparison, a solar cell using Hu’s sodium-embedded carbon reached efficiencies of 11.03 percent.
Supercapacitors can accept and deliver charges much faster than rechargeable batteries and are ideal for cars, trains, elevators and other heavy-duty equipment where activated carbon is commonly used with a charge density of 71 F/g. Three-dimensional graphene has more power with a 112 F/g and sodium-embedded carbon provides 145 F/g measurement. After 5,000 charge/discharge cycles, the material also retains a 96.4 percent capacity, which indicates electrode stability.
Source:www.mtu.edu