RC Snubber Design for SMPS Protection Part II

Source: In Compliance Mag article

by Bogdan Adamczyk and Bill Spence

Part II: Design Process and Verification

This part II of the RC Snubber topic discusses the systematic and efficient design process and design verification through simulations and laboratory measurements (see [1] for Part I – fundamentals of inductive switching and RC snubber impact).

Design Process

Figure 1 shows the LC resonant circuit with an RC snubber discussed in Part I [1].

Featured Figure 1: LC parasitic circuit with the RC snubber

In this part we discuss a systematic and efficient design process leading to the choice of the snubber’s capacitor and resistor values shown in Figure 1.

The resonant frequency formula for a circuit without the snubber is [1]

 (1)

The purpose of using the RC snubber is to suppress the ringing and move the ringing frequency to a lower value (often 50% or less of the original value). Note that in order to half the ringing frequency in Eq. (1), the term under the square root needs to quadruple. If we keep the inductance parasitics constant, the quadruple of the capacitive component can be accomplished by

  (2)

where

  (3)

Now the total circuit capacitance, C, is four times the original parasitic capacitance value.

  (4)

The traditional RC snubber design process consists of the following steps:

Measure the ringing frequency at the switching node,  f_r

Add a capacitor, C_ADD, from the switching node to the reference node

Measure the resulting (lower) ringing frequency, f_r‘

Keep changing the added capacitor’s value until the ringing frequency f_r‘ is approximately half of the original ringing frequency, f_r, without the added capacitor

This last C_ADD is the minimum value for the snubber capacitance, C_snub.

Calculate C_{∑parasitics}

  (5)

Calculate L∑_parasitics

  (6)

Finally, calculate R_snub, [2],

  (7)

Note that this traditional design process requires the substitution of capacitor snubber values to discover C_ADD by halving f_r. This can be easily done in simulations, but not in the actual measurements. The constant changing of capacitor values, hunting for the particular value, is time consuming and can be destructive.

A faster and more practical method is to try a single capacitor value to determine the circuit’s parasitic capacitance. This process consists of the following steps:

Measure the ringing frequency at the switching node,

Add a capacitor, C_ADD, from the switching node to the reference node. Pick a value between 47pF and 100pF as a starting point

Measure the resulting (lower) ringing frequency, f_r‘

Calculate C∑_parasitics

  (8)

Calculate L_{∑parasitics}

  (9)

Calculate C_snub,min, [3],

  (10)

Finally, calculate R_snub

  (11)

Design Verification through Simulations

The unsnubbed circuit is shown in Figure 2(a) with the resonant frequency, f_r = 412.6 MHz, shown in Figure 2(b), (Step 1).

Figure 2(a) shows the circuit with the added capacitance C_ADD = 100pF with the resonant frequency, f_r = 412.6 MHz, shown in Figure 2(b), (Step 2 and 3).

Figure 3: (a) Circuit with added capacitance, (b) resonant frequency

Step 4. Calculate C_{∑parasitics}

Step 5. Calculate L_{∑parasitics}

Step 6. Calculate C_snub,min

Step 7. Calculate R_snub

These resulting C and R values were implemented in the RC snubber shown in Figure 1. The simulated ringing waveforms for this circuit were discussed in Part I [1], and are repeated here in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Ringing waveforms with a snubber added: (a) close-up of a time domain waveform, (b) FFT of the waveform

Note that the new ringing frequency of 248.7 MHz is much lower than the original ringing frequency of 412.6 MHz, of the unsnubbed circuit.

Design Verification through Measurements

In this section we follow the design process of the previous section with the values obtained from measurements (instead of the simulated values).

Figure 5 shows a (redacted) circuit schematic of a buck SMPS with the designed snubber.

Figure 5: Buck SMPS with a snubber

Figure 6 shows the actual PCB and a differential probe used for measurements [4].

Figure 6: Actual PCB and a differential probe

Figure 7 shows the ringing waveform corresponding the un-snubbed circuit. The measured ringing frequency is f_r = 476.1 MHz (Step 1).

Figure 7: Unsnubbed SMPS: voltage at the switching node

Next, a 68 pF capacitor is added (Step 2). The resulting ringing waveform is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Voltage at the switching node with a C= 68 pF capacitor added

The new (lower) ringing frequency is f_r‘ = 294.1 MHz (Step 3).

Step 4. Calculate C_{∑parasitics}

Step 5. Calculate L_{∑parasitics}

Step 6. Calculate C_snub,min

Step 7. Calculate R_snub

Figure 9 shows the voltage waveform with the C = 150 pF snubber added.

Figure 9: Voltage at the switching node with a C = 150 pF snubber added

Note the decrease in the ringing frequency. Finally, a full RC snubber is implemented (C_snub = 150 pF, R_snub = 7.5 Ω). The resulting waveform is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Voltage at the switching node with a full RC snubber added

It is evident that the full RC snubber suppressed the ringing at the switching node.

Final Conclusions

It is worth repeating that parasitic inductance in the circuit is distributed over the entire PCB and includes the package inductances. While the snubber components are calculated assuming their effective values, there is no way to physically put them in the circuit to provide ideal damping. The best way to reduce overshoots and ringing is to actually minimize the undesirable inductances in the circuit with good layout practices. Choosing the right low side FETs with low inductance packages and/or integrated Schottky body diodes will offer additional benefits.

Finally, these equations will get you into the ballpark. Differences in leading edge and trailing edge ringing will result in Snubber Circuit component compromises.

Continue reading:

• RC Snubber Design for SMPS Protection Part I
• Filtering Capacitors for Switch Mode Power Supplies
• Guide to Snubber

References

1. Bogdan Adamczyk, Bill Spence, “RC Snubber Design for SMPS Protection – Part I: Fundamentals of Inductive Switching and RC Snubber Impact,” In Compliance Magazine, January 2019.
2. Jeff Falin, “Minimizing Ringing at the Switch Node of a Boost Converter,” Texas Instruments Application Report SLVA255, September 2006.
3. Havanur, Sanjay, Application Note AN100-1, Alpha & Omega Semiconductor, May 2007.
4. Bill Spence, “Snubber Design: Reducing SMPS EMI,” Lunch and Learn, Gentex Corp., 2014.

Dr. Bogdan Adamczyk is a professor and the director of the EMC Center at Grand Valley State University (http://www.gvsu.edu/emccenter) where he performs research and develops EMC educational material. He is an iNARTE certified EMC Master Design Engineer, a founding member and the chair of the IEEE EMC West Michigan Chapter. Prof. Adamczyk is the author of the textbook “Foundations of Electromagnetic Compatibility with Practical Applications” (Wiley, 2017). He can be reached at adamczyb@gvsu.edu.

William Spence is a Senior Electromagnetic-Compliance Engineer and has been working in Gentex Corporation’s Electro-Magnetic-Engineering Lab for the last fifteen years. Previously, Bill was a Senior Microphone Design Engineer at Electro-Voice, Inc., where he worked for twenty-four years. Bill’s name has been listed in a dozen U.S. Patents for automotive microphone, digital communications, and switch-mode-power-supply designs. He frequently presents seminars on EMC/ESD topics and microphone design. Bill can be reached at bill.spence@gentex.com.