Resistor manufacturers are experiencing price increases in the key feedstock metal ruthenium as they enter the June 2021 quarter (April 1 through June 30, 2021). This Dennis Zogbi’s, Paumanok Inc. article published by TTI MarketEYE correlates the impact higher metals prices are having on mass-produced resistor components consumed in all printed circuit boards, focusing on growing pressure in a critical part of the global high-tech economy.
Thick Film Chip Resistors
Thick film chip resistors are the workhorse of the electronics industry. Inexpensive and ubiquitous, thick film chip resistors are consumed in the trillions of pieces each year because every circuit requires specific ohmic values to operate; these characteristics are satisfied in an ultra-small package of ceramic, glass, ruthenium and silver. Out of all electronic components, only ceramic chip capacitors are on par with thick film chip resistors in terms of the sheer volume of parts produced and consumed.
Accordingly, thick film chip resistors are used in almost every electronic circuit in the world. Large volume applications can be found in wireless handsets, computer motherboards, computer hard drives, monitors, automotive electronic subassemblies, televisions, stereo amplifiers and industrial electronics.
These massive economies of scale, low price and concentration of manufacturing place thick film chip resistors among the most challenging electronic components to produce. Their exposure to the platinum group metal supply chain through their long-term association with the precious metal ruthenium makes cost pressure on thick film chip resistors one of the most significant risk factors facing the high-tech economy in the new fiscal year.
Thick Film Chip Resistor Construction
Thick film chip resistors are manufactured through the screen-printing of ruthenium oxide paste on an alumina ceramic substrate. These substrates are usually 96 percent purity alumina, which is an extremely durable ceramic that must be trimmed with a laser to form the desired rectangular chip shape and the desired ohmic value.
Ruthenium oxide pastes are manufactured by mixing ruthenium precious metals with an inorganic binder. After the ink is screen-printed, the resistive layer dries under low heat. Following the drying or curing process, the chips are fired at high temperature in order to adhere the resistive layer to the ceramic alumina substrate permanently.
The final step is the termination of the chip, which is done via a bulk dipping and plating method and which involves the metallization of the chip end-caps with a silver-bearing termination paste, covered with a nickel barrier and lead (Pb) solder so that the product can be soldered onto the board.
A “Rendered Economy”
The technology to manufacture thick film chip resistors is easily reproducible for lower ohmic value applications and is highly automated from start to finish. The variable is the massive economies of scale required to compete. Pricing is therefore extremely (almost unreasonably) low, and chip resistors are liberally designed into electronic circuits.
Thick film chip resistors represent what is termed “a rendered economy,” defined as a product economy where other manufacturers do not wish to compete because of hurdles regarding return on investment/profitability, technology and/or massive economies of scale.
A detailed analysis of the thick film chip resistor market reveals that the barriers to entry are the massive economies of scale required to compete (i.e. a large investment in capital equipment) and a very thin profit margin. Chip resistor production in the U.S. and Europe is almost non-existent, especially for thick film chips, because of the low costs and the return on investment. Small quantities of thick film chip resistors are manufactured for Western consumption in Israel, but the majority of thick film chips are produced in Greater China and Japan, with minor additional production factories located in Malaysia, Thailand, Korea and the Philippines.
The Variable Cost of Raw Materials in Component Production
This product is ubiquitous and designed into every printed circuit board manufactured, regardless of end-market. Therefore, vendors should look at thick film chip resistors as a potential risk factor.
The risky nature of thick film chip resistors is their reliance upon ruthenium in their resistive pastes (Ru02). Ruthenium is a by-product of platinum mining in South Africa. Platinum mining has been plagued by workers’ strikes, and this is in turn impacting the volume of metal above ground and, subsequently, the price, which increased to $330 USD per troy ounce in February and $400 per troy ounce in March 2021.
The variable cost associated with raw materials is the largest single factor associated with the overall cost of producing thick film chip resistors. Other variable costs include overhead and labor – but historically, over 30 years, the fluctuations in the price and availability of certain metals have had the greatest impact on the thick film chip resistor supply chains, and have posed the greatest risk of price increases for customers or loss of profitability for component manufacturers. This risk includes both the ruthenium metal and the ceramic alumina substrate.
Changes in Feedstock Pricing
Resistors represent more than 90 percent of the global consumption volume for ruthenium metal (with some additional uses as a cracking catalyst, a coating for mechanical hard disk drives and some esoteric chemical compounds). Therefore the metal is very sensitive to any changes in the global high tech economy, and its signpost on the current market conditions should not be overlooked by the electronic component and electronic material market analyst who reads this document.
Thick Film Chip Resistor Lead Times React
Thick film chip resistors showed a large scale increase in lead times in March 2021 which affected all EIA case size chips from 0201 to 1206 (see Figure 2).
Variable Raw Material Costs
The variable cost associated with raw materials makes passive components somewhat unique because the supply chain must rely in whole or in part upon outside merchant market vendors and engineered materials processors to supply the engineered powders and pastes to produce their passive electronic components.
Historically, changes in metal prices and availability have proven to be the greatest risk factors in the cost to produce both mass produced capacitors and resistors – each in the trillions of pieces.
In recent months, the prices of ruthenium and palladium have reached levels that have not been seen for years. The recent price hikes in these key materials should begin to impact prices for any new RFQs in the critical 2022 fiscal year.
Variable raw material costs average 44 percent of the costs to produce for the multibillion worldwide resistor industry. Any substantial price increase in feedstock metals consumed here will have an eventual impact on thick film chip resistor pricing and availability (see Figure 3).
Summary and Conclusion
Unprecedented increases in the price of ruthenium, a key element in the production of thick film pastes used in thick film chip resistors, has resulted in extended lead times for the ubiquitous resistor component. Because of the large percentage of variable costs in the production of chip resistors relying on raw materials, expect price increases and short supply for the rest of CY 2021 and FY 2022. The reasons for these price increases can be traced directly to trade disputes in South Africa regarding platinum mines; ruthenium is a by-product of platinum mining.
At Paumanok, we believe that an informed customer is a happy one who plans for, and profits from, changes in the market instead of being otherwise being overwhelmed and consumed.
