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Capacitor Energy Content and Force

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    Examining the Influence of ESR and Ripple Current on Selecting the Suitable Capacitor

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    Examining the Influence of ESR and Ripple Current on Selecting the Suitable Capacitor

    SABIC Validates its 150°C Film Foil to Enable Adoption of Film Capacitors in SIC Power Modules

    Outlook of Passive Electronic Components Market for Oil & Gas Electronics in 2023

    Flying Capacitors Explained

    TDK Introduces Compact High-Current Chokes for Automotive and Industrial Applications

    ECIA NA February 2023 Electronic Components Sales Confirms Growth Trend

    Investigating Modeling Techniques of Class II Ceramic Capacitors Losses for High Voltage and Current Applications

    TDK Extends Range of Industrial Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) Inductors

    Premo Unveils New series of 11kW 3-Phase On-Board Charger Transformers

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    • Ripple Current
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    Investigating Modeling Techniques of Class II Ceramic Capacitors Losses for High Voltage and Current Applications

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    LTspice Simulation of a Spark-Gap Circuit Protection Surge Arrester

    Approximate Inductor Design Using Two Alternative Cores

    1kW Phase Shift Full Bridge Converter Design and Simulation

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    Smart Power Distribution Unit Architecture and Inductor Losses

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Capacitor Energy Content and Force

2.3.2023
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The article describes capacitor energy content, what energy can be stored and delivered by the capacitor and what forces present inside a capacitor.

Capacitor Energy Content

The energy stored in a capacitor can be described by equation:

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……………[1]

Force action

from electromagnetic fields

Parallel current carrying conductors are surrounded by magnetic fields exerting forces on each other. If currents flow in the same direction the fields (and the conductors) attract each other. If the current flows in opposite directions they are repelling each other.

Figure 1. Magnetic force action, F, between conductors with a current flow, I. B = magnetic flux density.

If

  • the conductor length l is expressed in m,
  • the current I is expressed in A and
  • the distance a is expressed in m,

the force per meter between the conductors will be

………………………[2]

According to the basic charge formula Q = C x V (As). If this expression is derived we obtain dQ/dt = I = C x dV/dt (A). Pulse loads are not unusual, especially in conditions with high voltage gradients, and thus high charging currents also occur which might cause appreciable magnetic fields between close lead patterns, for example.

Force action in electrostatic fields

Capacitors are typical examples of applications where electrostatic fields are applied. These fields can generate significant mechanical forces­. If we know the electrode distance d (m) it’s easy to determine the electric field strength E (V/m). Then we can outline the force per unit area, i.e. the pressure that the electrodes exert on the dielectric.

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is EQ-C1_22.jpg

……………………………….. [3]

Example. Suppose we have an oil impregnated paper capacitor with r = 5 and the dielectric = 15 m (0.6 mils) which is loaded with 250VAC. Then the instantaneous maximum pressure will be

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is EQ-C1_22b.jpg

0.1 kp/cm2 !

If we instead calculate on a 35 V solid tantalum capacitor with a typical and approximate dielectric thickness of 0.2 mm (0.008 mils) the formula gives at 30 V DC a pressure of

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is EQ-C1_22c.jpg

2 N/mm2 !

It is difficult to determine how much the dielectric is influenced by such forces, especially when the electrodes have such complex configurations. Electrostatic action of such forces here is of vital importance.

Electrostatic Force Potential Impact

We learned in the article about the energy stored in the capacitor, but what is also important and demonstrated is that there is enormous mechanical pressure between the electrodes once voltage is applied.

This can be considered in failure analyses if we have a solid, sharp impurity within the capacitor dielectric – it may degrade the insulator not only by inducing electrical conductivity/increasing leakage current, but also causing a mechanical damage to the dielectric due to the high electrostatic pressure between the electrodes. Hard and sharp micro-crystals in amorphous dielectric could be an example of such defects.

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