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Dissipation Factor of Plastic Materials Explained

21.2.2019
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Dissipation Factor of Plastic Materials Explained
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Source: Omnexus article

Paul Martin from Omnexus, a SpecialChem company put together a comprehensive article on Dissipation Factor of Plastic Materials which includes Min Value (°C) & Max Value (°C) table. This may be quite useful when evaluation various plastic polymer material properties.

Plastics and Importance of DF

Dissipation factor (DF or tan δ) is the electrical property of plastics and other electrical insulating materials. It is defined as the reciprocal of the ratio between the insulating materials’ capacitive reactance to its resistance (Equivalent Series Resistance or ESR) at a specified frequency.

In other words, it is defined as a ratio between the permittivity and the conductivity of an electrical insulating material

The property is also referred as the tangent of the loss angle, loss tangent, tan delta, approx. power factor…

It measures the electrical energy absorbed and lost (power dissipation) when electrical current is applied to an insulating material. Most of the absorbed energy is dissipated as heat.

Dissipation factor indicates the inefficiency of material to hold energy or behave as an insulating material. The lower the dissipation factor, the more efficient is the insulator system. Most plastics have relatively lower dissipation factor at room temperature.

Dissipation Factor is a dimensionless measure and hence no units.

Applications include:

The low dissipation factors indicated high-quality, high performance electrical or electronic systems. It is important for plastic insulators in high-frequency applications such as radar equipment or microwave parts.

Low values mean better dielectric materials with less dielectric heating

The high dissipation factors are important for polymers that are to be heated in a radio frequency or microwave oven for welding or drying etc. Also, material used for high capacitance requires high dielectric constant and low dissipation factor.

Dissipation factor can also be used to assess the characteristics or quality of an insulating material in applications such as cable, terminations, joints etc. for moisture content, deterioration etc. However, here initial values of dissipation factor of tested material are important.

How to Calculate Dissipation Factor of an Insulator?

Dissipation factor is the tangent of the loss angle of the insulating material.

In an ideal capacitor without any dielectric losses, the insulation current is exactly 90° leading according to the applied voltage. As dielectric becomes less than 100% efficient, when the current wave begins to lag the voltage in direct proportion.

The dielectric phase angle, θ, is the angular difference in phase between the sinusoidal alternating potential difference applied to a dielectric and the component of the resulting current having the same period as the potential difference.

Essentially, this means that when an alternating current is applied across an insulating material, the resulting alternating current passing through it (no matter how small) will be at a different phase than the voltage.

The amount of current wave deviates from being 90° out of phase with voltage is defined as the dielectric loss angle (90°- θ). The tangent of this angle δ is known as the loss tangent or dissipation factor.

Phasor Diagram for tan δ Measurement Phasor Diagram for tan δ Measurement

The tan δ measured at a frequency ω and voltage V, is the ratio of the resistive (IR) and the capacitive (IC) currents according to:

Dissipation Factor Formula

Source: Georgia Tech Research Corporation (GTRC)


Dissipation Factor Vs. Power Factor

The power factor of an insulator is defined as the ratio of power dissipated in watts to total charging volt-amperes or it is the cosine of the angle between the voltage applied and the current resulting i.e. the dielectric phase angle θ.
Relation between DF and PF

If the dissipation factor (tan δ) is very small – typically less than 10%, then the dissipation factor and the power factor differ in a negligible amount and can be assumed to have the same value.

Dielectric loss factor or loss factor of a material is an another frequently used term. It is the product of dielectric constant and the dissipation factor. It is related to the total loss of power occurring in plastics or any other insulating materials. Or how easily the material will heat up in a high frequency field.

Standard Methods Used to Determine DF

The most generally used standard tests to calculate dissipation factor for plastics are ASTM D2520, ASTM D150 or IEC 60250 (of course there exist several other methods as well, but they are not discussed here).

The method includes:

A sample is placed between two metallic plates and capacitance is measured. A second run is measured without the specimen between the two electrodes. The ratio of the power dissipated in the test material to the power applied is dissipation factor:

  • The test can be conducted at different frequencies, often between the 10Hz and 2MHz range
  • The sample must be flat and larger than the 50mm (2 in) circular electrodes used for the measurement

Factors Influencing Dissipation Factor

Factors such as frequency, temperature, voltage, humidity, and weathering affect dissipation factor of plastics to varying degrees, depending on the level and duration of exposures.

  • Frequency: The changes in dielectric constant and loss index with frequency are produced by the dielectric polarizations that exists in the material
  • Temperature: Dissipation factor increases with increase in temperature or humidity. With this increase often being dramatic or even destructive at the glass transition temperature of plastics
  • Humidity: Increase in humidity increased the magnitude of the material’s interfacial polarization, this increases conductance. These humidity effects are caused by the absorption of water or formation of an ionized water film on the surface
  • Weathering: Rains, severe winds, impurities in atmosphere, UV light, heat etc. may change the surface of an insulating material either physically (roughening, cracking…) or chemically leading to water penetration into the material volume

Find commercial grades matching your electrical properties target using “Property Search – Dissipation Factor filter in Omnexus Plastics Database:

Omnexus Plastics Database - Property Search

Dissipation Factor (DF) Values of Several Plastics

Polymer Name Min Value (°C) Max Value (°C)
ABS – Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 50 190
ABS Flame Retardant 70 90
ABS High Heat 20 350
ABS High Impact 20 350
ABS/PC Blend – Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Polycarbonate Blend 70 200
ABS/PC Blend 20% Glass Fiber 20 90
ABS/PC Flame Retardant 40 70
Amorphous TPI Blend, Ultra-high heat, Chemical Resistant (Standard Flow) 0.001 0.001
ASA – Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate 90 340
ASA/PC Blend – Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polycarbonate Blend 20 190
ASA/PC Flame Retardant 110 170
CA – Cellulose Acetate 100 1000
CAB – Cellulose Acetate Butyrate 100 400
CP – Cellulose Proprionate 60 300
CPVC – Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride 100 200
ECTFE – Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene 130 170
ETFE – Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene 6 100
EVA – Ethylene Vinyl Acetate 130 1000
EVOH – Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol 1800 2200
FEP – Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene 7 7
HDPE – High Density Polyethylene 3 20
HIPS – High Impact Polystyrene 4 20
HIPS Flame Retardant V0 5 50
Ionomer (Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer) 20 20
LCP – Liquid Crystal Polymer 40 40
LCP Glass Fiber-reinforced 60 300
LCP Mineral-filled 70 280
LDPE – Low Density Polyethylene 3 4
MABS – Transparent Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 2.8 3
PA 11 – (Polyamide 11) 30% Glass fiber reinforced 0.03 0.03
PA 11, Conductive 0.05 0.25
PA 11, Flexible 0.05 0.25
PA 11, Rigid 0.05 0.25
PA 12 (Polyamide 12), Conductive 0.05 0.25
PA 12, Fiber-reinforced 0.05 0.25
PA 12, Flexible 0.05 0.25
PA 12, Glass Filled 0.05 0.25
PA 12, Rigid 0.05 0.25
PA 46 – Polyamide 46 190 600
PA 46, 30% Glass Fiber 23 90
PA 6 – Polyamide 6 100 600
PA 6-10 – Polyamide 6-10 400 400
PA 66 – Polyamide 6-6 100 400
PA 66, 30% Glass Fiber 100 1500
PA 66, 30% Mineral filled 200 1500
PA 66, Impact Modified, 15-30% Glass Fiber 130 200
PA 66, Impact Modified 100 2000
Polyamide semi-aromatic 3 3.1
PAI – Polyamide-Imide 60 710
PAI, 30% Glass Fiber 220 500
PAR – Polyarylate 20 200
PBT – Polybutylene Terephthalate 10 200
PBT, 30% Glass Fiber 20 120
PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber 9 75
PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber Flame Retardant 9 100
PC – Polycarbonate, high heat 69 100
PC/PBT blend, Glass Filled 100 200
PCTFE – Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene 10 250
PE – Polyethylene 30% Glass Fiber 20 80
PEEK – Polyetheretherketone 30 30
PEEK 30% Carbon Fiber-reinforced 29 32
PEEK 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced 20 20
PEI – Polyetherimide 13 25
PEI, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced 15 53
PEI, Mineral Filled 10 15
PEKK (Polyetherketoneketone), Low Cristallinity Grade 0.004 0.004
PESU – Polyethersulfone 10 140
PESU 10-30% glass fiber 70 100
PET – Polyethylene Terephtalate 20 200
PET, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced 120 1680
PET, 30/35% Glass Fiber-reinforced, Impact Modified 1.5 1.5
PETG – Polyethylene Terephtalate Glycol 20 300
PE-UHMW – Polyethylene -Ultra High Molecular Weight 2 2
PFA – Perfluoroalkoxy 2 2
PI – Polyimide 18 50
PMMA – Polymethylmethacrylate/Acrylic 200 200
PMMA (Acrylic) High Heat 400 600
PMMA (Acrylic) Impact Modified 300 400
PMP – Polymethylpentene 0.7 30
POM – Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) 50 110
POM (Acetal) Impact Modified 50 250
POM (Acetal) Low Friction 20 90
POM (Acetal) Mineral Filled 1.5 1.6
PP – Polypropylene 10-20% Glass Fiber 10 20
PP, 10-40% Mineral Filled 7 11
PP, 10-40% Talc Filled 7 11
PP, 30-40% Glass Fiber-reinforced 10 20
PP (Polypropylene) Copolymer 3 5
PP (Polypropylene) Homopolymer 3 5
PP, Impact Modified 3 5
PPA – Polyphthalamide 270 270
PPA, 33% Glass Fiber-reinforced – High Flow 0.014 0.016
PPA, 45% Glass Fiber-reinforced 0.9 0.2
PPE – Polyphenylene Ether 4 9
PPE, 30% Glass Fiber-reinforced 10 15
PPE, Flame Retardant 7 31
PPS – Polyphenylene Sulfide 4 30
PPS, 20-30% Glass Fiber-reinforced 10 32
PPS, 40% Glass Fiber-reinforced 13 20
PPS, Glass fiber & Mineral-filled 70 580
PPSU – Polyphenylene Sulfone 17 50
PS (Polystyrene) 30% glass fiber 5 28
PS (Polystyrene) Crystal 1 28
PS, High Heat 1 28
PSU – Polysulfone 8 64
PSU, 30% Glass finer-reinforced 40 60
PTFE – Polytetrafluoroethylene 2 2
PTFE, 25% Glass Fiber-reinforced 5 5
PVC, Plasticized 400 1600
PVC, Plasticized Filled 400 1600
PVC Rigid 60 200
PVDF – Polyvinylidene Fluoride 200 1700
SAN – Styrene Acrylonitrile 70 100
SAN, 20% Glass Fiber-reinforced 10 100
SMA – Styrene Maleic Anhydride 40 40
SMMA – Styrene Methyl Methacrylate 400 400

 

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