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Good Things Come in Small Packages: A Capacitor Technology Update

27.11.2019
Reading Time: 16 mins read
A A

Source: EE Times article and EBN article

by Daniel West, Field Application Engineer, AVX and Ron Demcko, AVX Fellow

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Feedthrough Capacitors Technology and Applications

To-date, the evolution of electronic components such as capacitors, resistors, diodes, and RF filters has trended toward continued miniaturization while retaining as many parametrics as possible and, at times, adding functionality. Improvements across multiple scientific fields have contributed to these designs, but the most notable progress includes purer ceramic, tantalum, and thin-film materials and improved processes, such as closed-loop manufacturing (CLM).

These shifts have enabled extremely accurate computer-aided design (CAD) models which can be translated into marketable, real-world parts. Inventive combinations of other techniques, including packaging designs, fine copper terminations, and photolithography have further expanded components for miniature circuit designs.

Key drivers

OEMs and their electronics designers are looking for miniaturized parts to optimize circuit and system performance, satisfy physical design requirements, and improve product aesthetics. Smaller parts also typically operate at higher speeds with lower parasitics, making them more compatible with integrated circuit (IC) advancements.

This chart depicts decreasing parasitic inductance (ESL) by case size and packaging type.

This chart depicts decreasing parasitic inductance (ESL) by case size and packaging type.

Over time & markets

Miniaturized capacitor use has evolved from very specialized applications  to more mainstream markets.  Some highlights include:A torpedo data computer.

  • Defense: The Torpedo Data Computer (TDC) was one of the first electromechanical analog computers small enough to fit within a submarine and was used during WWII (1939โ€“1945) to automatically track targets.

 

A torpedo data computer.
  • Aerospace: Launch costs of roughly $10,000 per pound, extreme operating conditions, and the potential risk to human lives required capacitors to deliver improved functionality and utmost reliability in the most size- and weight-efficient packages possible.
    AVX developed and supplied the 630 space-level, SRC9000 TBM Series ultralow-ESR, multianode tantalum capacitors that are responsible for powering Curiosity's ChemCam laser module.
AVX developed and supplied the 630 space-level, SRC9000 TBM Series ultralow-ESR, multianode tantalum capacitors that are responsible for powering Curiosityโ€™s ChemCam laser module.
  • Consumer: Commercial versions of advanced defense, space-grade, and other high-reliability capacitors shrank living room radios down to portable boom boxes and then cassette, CD, and MP3 players; vacuum-tube televisions down into flat screens and phones; and rotary phones into wireless, mobile, and now smartphones, which contain around 1,000 MLCCs in slim, sleek, lightweight form factors with extensive functionality.

 

Enabling factors

  • Reduced packaging/case sizes
  • More accurate processing technologies
    • Fine copper terminations (FCTs)
    • Photolithography

Built with the help of accurate closed-loop processes, ultraminiature EMI filters are system-level feedthrough filters that enclose a discoidal capacitor within a screw/bolt-in package with diameters as low as 0.073'.

  • Closed-loop manufacturing processes
  • Capacitor Consolidation: Achieving miniaturization by increasing capacitor functionality within their currently defined space.
  • Enhanced material purity
  • Design optimization via software modeling
Built with the help of accurate closed-loop processes, ultraminiature EMI filters are system-level feedthrough filters that enclose a discoidal capacitor within a screw/bolt-in package with diameters as low as 0.073โ€.

 

Shrinking Large Components: Packaging Advancements

Component packaging advancements have emerged as key enabling factors of component miniaturization, as sizes have gradually decreased over time.

Component packaging developments for smaller standard case sizes allow smaller-grain ceramic to be used for thinner dielectric thicknesses, which helps maintain similar, if not equal, capacitance in smaller case sizes.
Component packaging developments for smaller standard case sizes allow smaller-grain ceramic to be used for thinner dielectric thicknesses, which helps maintain similar, if not equal, capacitance in smaller case sizes.

Some packaging technologies have been standardized by size, like the case sizes for rectangular passive components. With dimensional information built into the nomenclature, engineers can quickly and easily grasp the size difference between a 5025 and a 0201 capacitor without even seeing them. Combining improved packaging methods with capacitor material advancements, including thinner ceramic layers or finer grain tantalum power, has enabled diminished case sizes with capacitance values comparable to larger case sizes.

Relative size differences for radial-leaded, surface-mount MLCC, and surface-mount tantalum capacitor packaging technologies.

Relative size differences for radial-leaded, surface-mount MLCC, and surface-mount tantalum capacitor packaging technologies.

Relative size differences for SMD package standards. Left to right: EIA Code for ceramic capacitors, case code for tantalum capacitors, and small-outline for transistors, diodes, and ICs.Relative size differences for SMD package standards. Left to right: EIA Code for ceramic capacitors, case code for tantalum capacitors, and small-outline for transistors, diodes, and ICs.

 

Shrinking Large Components: RGCs

Reverse geometry capacitors (RGCs) are an excellent example of size reduction. RGCs modify MLCC terminations to shorten the distance between terminals and reduce the length of the inductive loop created at high frequencies to achieve lower ESL.  Although the physical case size isnโ€™t reduced, the altered case facilitates smaller low ESR solutions.

LGA capacitors with different terminal layouts achieve various ratios of capacitance to ESL; and can offer space savings for ratios that would normally require a parallel/series combination of smaller standard capacitors to achieve such low parasitics.

LGA capacitors with different terminal layouts achieve various ratios of capacitance to ESL; and can offer space savings for ratios that would normally require a parallel/series combination of smaller standard capacitors to achieve such low parasitics.

Shrinking Large Components: Stacked Capacitors

TurboCap MLCCs were developed using advancements made in processing BME MLCCs and are packaged in slightly modified versions of the lead frames used for horizontally stacking MLCCs. TurboCap MLCCs achieve high capacitance in a small area (high CV) by vertically stacking capacitors, which reduces the footprint and improves ESR and ESL. AVX's TurboCap Series. The black variants are potted.

They also utilize a dual in-line package (DIP) in through-hole or surface mount configurations to provide stress relief for the ceramic elements. The leads effectively isolate the stacked caps from the board to minimize thermal and mechanical stresses encountered during assembly, temperature cycling, and other environmental conditions.

 

AVXโ€™s TurboCap Series. The black variants are potted.

 

 

Thanks to their unique packaging, TurboCaps provide smaller, lighter, lower ESR, and higher-reliability solutions than the large, radial-leaded aluminum electrolytic (AL-EL) capacitors often used as I/O stage filters in switched mode power supplies (SMPS).  A typical 27ฮผF TurboCap exhibits 2mฮฉ ESR at 100KHz.

Vertical TurboCaps reduce the amount of surface area needed for PCB mounting

Vertical TurboCaps reduce the amount of surface area needed for PCB mounting

They also exhibit low parasitic losses and improved stability across temperature and frequency compared to AL-EL capacitors, allowing designers to replace larger AL-EL capacitors with much lower value TurboCaps. A 1:10 ratio isnโ€™t unheard of, meaning that a 1ฮผF TurboCap can replace up to 10ฮผf AL-EL.

A typical radial-leaded aluminum electrolytic (AL-EL) capacitor.

A typical radial-leaded aluminum electrolytic (AL-EL) capacitor.

A dimensional comparison of 200ฮผF TurboCaps to 2,200ฮผF radial AL-ELs.

A dimensional comparison of 200ฮผF TurboCaps to 2,200ฮผF radial AL-ELs.

A graphical comparison of the similar electrical performance of 200ฮผF TurboCaps and 2,200ฮผF radial AL-ELs in an SMPS device.

A graphical comparison of the similar electrical performance of 200ฮผF TurboCaps and 2,200ฮผF radial AL-ELs in an SMPS device.

 

Shrinking Large Components: Packaging Changes

Component footprints can also be reduced by simply switching package sizes. For example, a common package for diodes, the SOT23, replaced with a small-case-size package typically used for rectangular passive components could offer incredible space savings.

This option isnโ€™t always viable, but itโ€™s not altogether uncommon. AVXโ€™s GiGuard bidirectional transient voltage suppression (TVS) diodes utilize miniature, leadless EIA 0201/0402 component packaging technology to provide advanced ESD protection for sensitive ICs in space-constrained, high-speed communication applications. They have low clamping voltages (<12V) and capacitance values (0.3pF) and meet IEC 61000-4-2 Level 4 (ยฑ15KV air/contact) and IEC 61000-4-4 electrical fast transient (EFT) (20A, 5/50ns) standards.

AVX GiGuard ESD suppression diodes.

AVX GiGuard ESD suppression diodes.

AnX-ray image of a GiGuard diode as seen from above, depicting the symmetry and accuracy of overlapping electrodes in small 0201 package.

AnX-ray image of a GiGuard diode as seen from above, depicting the symmetry and accuracy of overlapping electrodes in small 0201 package.

 An X-ray image of a GiGuard diode as seen from the side, depicting the dielectric layer in which ESD suppression takes place.

An X-ray image of a GiGuard diode as seen from the side, depicting the dielectric layer in which ESD suppression takes place.

 

Fine copper termination technology

As case sizes for standard SMD ceramic capacitors decrease, their terminations begin to dominate their PCB surface area. Fine copper termination (FCT) technology reduces, if not eliminates, the footprint reserved for soldering leads by attaching planar copper lead-frame substrates to the bottom of components.  FCTs enable high-density terminations, reduce PCB solder variability, and free up valuable PCB surface area, which is especially useful in high-density applications.This cross section of a ceramic capacitor with FCT technology illustrates the reduced termination thicknesses FCTs enable

This cross section of a ceramic capacitor with FCT technology illustrates the reduced termination thicknesses

Achieving ultraminiature capacitors

Material advancements, alternative terminations, and improved processing technologies have led to the development of even smaller, ultraminiature capacitors. Ultraminiature MLCCs were achieved through material advancements including smaller particle size, thinner dielectrics, and alternative termination technologies.

Higher-voltage tantalum capacitors (e.g., 35โ€“63V) require larger particle sizes and thicker dielectrics to achieve high capacitance values. Lower-voltage tantalum (<16V) can achieve high capacitance with thinner dielectric materials and finer tantalum powder particles powders. This is due to improvements in pressing and sintering high CV powder and firing and finishing small anodes. Tantalum capacitors also utilize alternative terminations to achieve space savings.Advancements in achieving smaller tantalum grains led to higher CV values in existing case sizes.

Advancements in achieving smaller tantalum grains led to higher CV values in existing case sizes.

 

Undertab terminations

Tantalum Polymer (TaPoly) capacitors utilize undertab terminations for footprint reductions. Undertab terminations are routed to the cathode and anode, within the housing of a tantalum capacitor, to capitalize on the existing volume of the capacitor housing and reduce the amount of PCB surface area required.

TaPoly caps are extremely stable. They have inherently low ESR; no voltage coefficient; wide frequency resilience due to an absence of acoustics at low frequencies; and capacitance retention at high frequencies. The also retain high volumetric efficiency (CV/cc). TaPoly caps have benign failure modes due to optimized polymer deposits on the Ta anodes. Ideal applications span a wide range of switching, filtering, decoupling, timing, and back-up circuits that require parametrically stable capacitors.

J-Lead and undertab termination methods.

J-Lead and undertab termination methods.

Achieving Ultra-miniature Capacitors: Photo-lithography Technology

Advancements in photolithography technology have dramatically improved the viability of miniature, ultra-low-profile, thin-film capacitors and filters. These are primarily used in wireless applications sensitive to component variability at high frequencies, such as automotive collision detection modules.

Photolithography achieves miniature capacitors and filters with accurate part-to-part and lot-to-lot parametric repeatability and tight tolerances, which increases production yields and performance reliability. Equipment is installed in Class 100 or Class 1,000 clean rooms and has 2.0ยตm line definition accuracy, which enables the construction of identical dielectric depositions in thin film substrates.

This process also uses purer-than-standard electrode material and only a single layer of dielectric. Since dielectrics employed in multilayer constructions must be accurately spaces, the single-layer construction reduces component variability. It also avoids the firing processes common to ceramic capacitor construction, which prevents heat distribution variances.

A thin-film capacitor array with ball grid terminations produced using photolithography technology

A thin-film capacitor array with ball grid terminations produced using photolithography technology

 

Unique solutions combine packaging advancements & FCTs with closed-loop manufacturing materials

AVX THH 230 degrees C Hermetic Series high temperature SMD tantalum capacitors

A unique solution for achieving miniature capacitors with very high operating temperatures (230ยฐC), stable performance, and long operating lifetimes (e.g., for use in expensive drilling heads and sensors) is to combine ceramic packaging and tantalum material. Tantalum capacitors with a manganese oxide cathode are mechanically robust and temperature resilient to 230ยฐC with the addition of ceramic packaging.

Ceramic is also mechanically robust and happens to make a great hermetic seal. As such, it can be filled with nitrogen gas and used to encapsulate tantalum caps to mitigate the degenerative effects of oxygen and humidity on the tantalum. To ensure that this combination delivers long operating lifetimes, a patented closed-loop manufacturing (CLM) process is used to remove raw material exhibiting trends toward excessive thermal parametric shifts.

 

 

AVX THH 230ยฐC Hermetic Series high temperature SMD tantalum capacitors

 

When combined with advanced packaging, undertab terminations, and the snuggest possible ceramic hermetic seal (e.g., AVXโ€™s THH Series), CLM materials can boost capacitor operating temperatures to 230ยฐC. AVX SuperCap modules. Green modules have an epoxy filled housing that is resistant to moisture ingress, which can more than double the lifetime of a standard part. Blue modules are shrink-wrapped cylindrical supercaps in series, and are designed for higher voltage applications. When combined with advanced packaging, undertab terminations, the same hermetic case, and TaPoly (e.g., AVXโ€™s TCH Series), CLM materials can achieve improved operating lifetimes (10,000 hours) and low ESR electrical characteristics ideal for high-reliability applications instead of boosted temperature characteristics.

AVX SuperCaps also use patented CLM processes to match material parametrics and achieve either low ESR or low leakage current modules, in addition to optimized sealing methods for extended lifetimes.

AVX SuperCap modules. Green modules have an epoxy filled housing that is resistant to moisture ingress, which can more than double the lifetime of a standard part. Blue modules are shrink-wrapped cylindrical supercaps in series, and are designed for higher voltage applications.

 

Capacitor consolidation: Miniaturization via improved functionality

Capacitor size reductions can also be achieved by increasing the functionality of a same-sized capacitor with fewer capabilities. Physical miniaturization can pose significant component design challenges,and pushing the limits of electronic component functionality can be even more difficult.

This process requires a thorough understanding of the limitations of the raw materials used in capacitor manufacturing, including copper, nickel, silver, gold, tantalum, barium titanate, and alumina. The improved ability to remove impurities from raw materials and process them using closed-loop manufacturing (CLM) techniques plays a key role in component capabilities, reliability, and electrical and thermal stability.

 An arrangement of miniature discoidal capacitors, which are employed in AVX's Miniature EMI Filter Series.

An arrangement of miniature discoidal capacitors, which are employed in AVXโ€™s Miniature EMI Filter Series.

For example, the density of barium titanate (BaTiO3), which is used in ceramic capacitors, has a positive correlation to its permittivity (ฮตr), increasing capacitance C = [(ฮตrฮตยฐ x A)/d] at the cost of reducing the temperature band where this value is constant.  Using very fine grain tantalum powder increases the surface area (โ€œAโ€ in the capacitance equation) during electrolysis and achieves a very high CV/g, which offers size and weight advantages, but reduces the amount space available to grow a thick dielectric layer and thus reduces the breakdown voltage.

 A chart depicting a range of capacitance values vs. voltage ratings for the various capacitor technologies represented in the labeled/shaded areas, with a focus on the high-growth-market range, where the focus on miniaturization focus is often more prevalent.

A chart depicting a range of capacitance values vs. voltage ratings for the various capacitor technologies represented in the labeled/shaded areas, with a focus on the high-growth-market range, where the focus on miniaturization focus is often more prevalent.

 

Capacitor consolidation: Miniaturization via Improved functionality/ CAD

Designs are efficiently realized and iterations quickly qualified using CAD softwareThe combination of purer materials and the robust feedback systems informed by the extremely accurate sensor and measurement technologies in CLM equipment have allowed computer-aided design (CAD) software to accurately model component variation that closely matches real-world results.  CAD software cost-effectively increases the number of viable component solutions for a given application in a timely manner by removing some of the experimentation to hasten new discoveries.

Combining the latest CAD software advancements with improved packaging, termination, photolithography, and termination techniques, as well as consolidation capabilities, can result in incredibly innovative solutions.ACAD-rendered drawing of an MLO filter with high-density I/O and a ground LGA network, and the ability to accurately and consistently optimize sensitive RF applications against parasitics.

Designs are efficiently realized and iterations quickly qualified using CAD software
ACAD-rendered drawing of an MLO filter with high-density I/O and a ground LGA network, and the ability to accurately and consistently optimize sensitive RF applications against parasitics.

 

Supporting Technologies

The purer materials that facilitate accurate CAD modeling for components also enhance circuit reliability in size-constrained circuits where RF component power handling is important.

Thin-film chip resistors offer efficient, low-power RF solutions by tightly controlling the pattern of resistive material deposited onto a substrate, which minimize parasitic impedances, while an understanding of the resistive and substrate material heat conduction properties, made possible via advanced material processing procedures, enable the higher power handling.

This custom and very complex matched thin-film resistor network illustrates AVX's thin-film resistor capabilities. It has matched ratio dividers within <0.5% tolerance and high-voltage capability in small 0402 package.

This custom and very complex matched thin-film resistor network illustrates AVXโ€™s thin-film resistor capabilities. It has matched ratio dividers within <0.5% tolerance and high-voltage capability in small 0402 package.

This drawing depicts thin-film matched resistor network orientation within component package.

This drawing depicts thin-film matched resistor network orientation within component package.

Power resistorAVX RP9 Series high-power surface-mount chip resistors

One of the smaller high-power resistive products AVX offers is the RP9 Series, which has a surface-mount footprint of 2.54 x 5.08mm. Impedance values range from 10โ€“200ฮฉ (50ฮฉ nominal) at a tolerance of ยฑ2% and up to 40W power handling with an operating temperature range of -55ยฐC to 150ยฐC and resistance values up to 4GHz. These parts were achieved by combining a thorough understanding of heat conduction across substrates with advance resistor material processing.

 

 

AVX RP9 Series high-power surface-mount chip resistors

 

 

Wire bond resistors

AVXโ€™s WBR Series wire-bond resistors employ the same material advances in an even smaller, ultraminiature 0202 chip outline ideal for hybrid circuits in medical implantable, high-reliability microelectronics, multi-chip module, and RF/microwave applications.  They offer customizable resistance values, are laser trimmed for tolerances down to 0.5% of specified value, and were developed using a combination of proprietary thin-film processing advances, including miniature depositions of resistive material in conjunction with advanced terminations, in addition to clean room advancements, process control and design improvements, and enhanced material purity.

AVX WBR Series wire bondable resistorsAVX WBR Series wire bondable resistors

Q-Bridge thermal conductors

Smaller components in increased densities can present a thermal problem when there is no efficient method of redirecting heat away from vital components. Q-Bridge Series thermal conductors from American Technical Ceramics (ATC) provide cost-effective solutions in standard EIA case sizes down to 0402. Q-Bridge conductors improve circuit reliability by efficiently directing heat to thermal ground planes, heat sinks, or any other thermal point of interest, and their low capacitance โ€” achieved via the impedance minimizing construction of the pure, precisely processed materials used โ€” makes them virtually invisible at RF/microwave frequencies.

For example, thermal conductors provide a safer alternative to increased trace widths for redirecting heat in a high-voltage power transistor, as the latter introduces arcing risk. This technology is a result of RF power resistor development. Heat conduction across substrates coupled to terminations made these miniature SMT heat sinks possible.

AVXQ-Bridge Series thermal conductors

AVXQ-Bridge Series thermal conductors

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