Switched-mode power supplies are becoming ever more widespread. The semiconductor manufacturers have made their contribution, offering a wide range these integrated circuits with simplified circuit design. Care must be taken in the selection of the appropriate power inductor storage choke to fully utilize the advantages of switching regulators.

This article is split in two chapters:

Transformer Topologies in Power Converters

Introduction to RFID Technology

Failure Analysis of Capacitors and Inductors

calculation of power inductors
example of high current inductor types

Jump to section

1. Power Inductors Calculations

The selection of cores and windings of storage chokes are optimized for use in switching converters and DC-DC converters.

Leading manufacturers of storage chokes following recommendations from various switching converter IC manufacturers, e.g. National Semiconductor, Linear Technology, STMicroelectronics, Texas Instruments, Exar, Diodes, MPS, ON Semiconductor, Semtech, Maxim and a special customized solutions can be found in their reference design guidelines.

*Figure 1. Toroidal storage choke (WE-SI and WE-GI)*

Toroidal Core Types

Toroidal storage chokes are ideal from the EMC perspective: The magnetic field lines mainly pass through the core. The stray field and associated coupling in neighboring conductor tracks or components remain small.

In the field of switching converters, storage chokes serve to buffer electrical energy and, at the same time, to smooth the output current. The energy stored in the core in this process is:

energy stored in storage choke inductor eq. 1.

To enable high energy storage and to minimize the resulting core losses, the toroidal core volume is divided into many electrically isolated regions. The iron powder used in our storage chokes therefore has three-dimensional, uniformly distributed, microscopic air gaps, which prevent eddy-current losses.

The disadvantage of reduced permeability is balanced by greater maximum energy storage and lower losses. Furthermore, these cores are extremely well suited for use in applications with high DC premagnetization.

Data book specifications

Open-circuit inductance L₀:

If the inductor is operated without DC premagnetization or with only a small AC current, the open-circuit inductance L₀ results.This value may be measured with sufficiently sensitive inductance measuring equipment for small AC voltages e.g. 0.1–0.5 V and a fixed measuring frequency between 1 kHz and 100 kHz, depending on the inductance value.

*Figure 2. Inductance with DC premagnetization; I_N = 1 A; L_N = 100 µH*

Inductance rating L_N:

In addition to the small AC voltage amplitude, the specified DC current is superimposed and the resulting inductance measured.

Current rating I_N:

The DC current, for which the inductance and wire thickness are specified and whose specifications are optimized. As shown in graph on Figure 2., inductance only saturates with a much larger current.

DC resistance DCR:

The windings resistance value is measured with an ohmmeter at an ambient temperature of +25 °C.The test current for resistance measurement is a small DC current, which does not lead to a significant temperature increase in the wire. As values in the milliohm range are measured here, a 4-wire measurement must be made to minimize measurement errors.

Magnetic field energy E:

The energy, for which the core data and windings of the coil is optimized. This is specified in microjoules.The following simple and practically proven formulae can be used for dimensioning a storage choke. A brief extract from the extensive core material program and the following table should provide an overview of the choke dimensioning process. Depending on the application, further specifications from the core material data spectrum may be necessary.

*Table 1. Materials and their applications (source: Würth Elektronik)*

Iron core material data:

The table 1. shows an overview of the most commonly used materials and their applications.

Operating temperature:

The operating temperature of the iron powder core may be from –55 °C to +125 °C. Prolonged core operation above +75 °C however results in increased losses.

Insulation voltage:

The protective coating of the toroidal core uniquely identifies the core material and serves to protect against environmental effects and provides electrical isolation from the windings. Epoxy resin coatings are used and an insulation dielectric strength of 500 VDC is achieved as standard. Higher insulation voltages can also be offered.

A_L value: For every size of core an A_L value is specified to simply calculate the winding turns for the required choke; the tolerance is ±10%.
The standard means of measuring the A_L value is at B = 1 mT and f = 10 kHz.

*Figure 3. Effective permeability with DC premagnetization*

*Table 2. Specifications of iron powder cores (source: Würth Elektronik)*

d_a = outer diameter
d_i = inner diameter
h = height
l = effective magnetic length
A = effective magnetic cross-sectional area
V = effective magnetic volume l
W = winding wire length for 1 turn

*Table 3. Wire table (source: Würth Elektronik)*

Storage Choke Calculation:

The following demonstrates how a storage choke can be calculated for a switching converter application:
Example: switching converter (step-down controller – storage choke)

Requirements:

Inductance rating L_N = 100 µH Current rating (DC) I_N = 1 A Peak current through the inductance I_max = 1.5 A Ripple current = 20% of I_max = 0.3 A (see Chapter III/Applications) Switching frequency f = 52 kHz

A maximum AC flux density B_AC = 0.05 T is recommended for iron powder cores (to ensure low core losses). Also the inductance should be selected so the ripple current does not exceed 20%–30% of the maximum current.

Step 1 : Choice of the core material and the necessary core volume (V). As the switching frequency is just 50 kHz, we firstly select the material 3W7538 with µ_r = 75.

inductor core volume calculation eq. [2]

Selected core: 3W7538, as switching frequency < 70 kHz; core no. 13 d_a = 12.7 mm; d_i = 7.7 mm; h = 4.83 mm

Magnetic data: l = 3.19 cm; A = 0.112 cm2; V = 0.358 cm3 A_L value: 33 nH/N²

Step 2: Required winding turns

inductor winding turns calculation eq. [3]

L in nH
A_L value in nH/N²

The final number of winding turns must be increased as a result of current dependent permeability. The correction factor for the A_L value is determined from the “effective permeability against DC premagnetization” graph (see Figure 3.).

inductor current dependent permeability eq. [4]

At H = 1724 A/m on the graph in Figure 3. → Effective permeability with DC premagnetization = 80% of the initial permeability.

To be certain that the full inductance rating of 100µH exists with a DC current of 1A, the final number of winding turns is calculated as:

compensated inductor winding turns calculation eq. [5]

Step 3: Determination of the DC resistance

The wire diameter can be ascertained from the relevant wire tables for the required current of 1A, e.g. AWG 22 (d = 0.6 mm). This limits the self-heating of the wire to less than +10°C.

The DC resistance of the windings is given by: